Predictors of Psychological Distress in Health Care Staff in Qatar during COVID-19 Pandemic

Background & Objective: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused widespread psychological distress. The aims of the study were a) to assess mental health symptoms experienced by expatriate hospital staff and b) to determine the impact of staff wellbeing interventions specific to pandemic related stress. Methods: The study was conducted from June 2020 until August 2020. A 16-question survey was disseminated online via Survey Monkey to assess the mental health needs of hospital staff during the pandemic. Based on results, a virtual, tiered mental health support model was developed, and staff feedback was collected. Results: Almost 46.2% of respondents (N: 1001) reported at least one mental health symptom in the initial survey. The most common symptoms were anxiety, low mood and feelings of isolation. Being single and in poor health status were predictors of developing mental health symptoms (P <0.01). Female gender was a predictor for experiencing fear of getting infected. Time constraints at work was the most common reason for not accessing mental health support. Conclusions: As in other parts of the world, hospital staff in Qatar experienced mental health symptoms and significant fear related to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Being single and in poor health status were risk factors. Mental health interventions at work must take into account time constraints experienced by staff.


INTRODUCTION
The WHO declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic on March 11 th , 2020. The first case of the virus in the small gulf state of Qatar was reported on February 28 th , 2020. As the rate of infections grew, the State of Qatar issued gradually tightening social restrictions starting early March, 2020. 1 The restrictions included closures of schools, shopping malls, parks and recreation venues and travel out of the country. In April, 2020 the Ministry of Public Health reported 106,648 cases of Coronavirus Disease (COVID- 19) in Qatar, which has a population of 2.7 million. Total number of deaths was 157. 2 Health care staff are at increased risk for experiencing adverse mental health symptoms during a pandemic. 3 Previous studies 4,5 have shown that during a pandemic hospital staff had concerns about their personal safety, about transmitting the disease to family members, stigmatization and interpersonal isolation. Studies have shown that hospital staff who felt their work environment was supportive 5 and those that had access to intense psychiatry liaison services 6 reported less stress and more motivation at work. Proactively providing mental health support to hospital staff can prevent future mental health difficulties in this population, decreasing the likelihood of burnout and loss of workforce. 7 At the onset of the pandemic, the study hospital was designated as COVID-free, as in any confirmed cases of COVID-19 were to receive medical care in a different hospital system. Despite not having a COVID specific unit, hospital managers and staff reported psychological distress anecdotally. More than 85% of Qatar's population comprises of expatriates, similarly the majority of the hospital staff were residents of other countries. Pandemic related social restrictions increase feelings of loneliness and the risk for depression, anxiety and insomnia. 8 Likely Travel restrictions led to higher risk of loneliness for our study population due to their expatriate status and distance from their extended families.
The objectives of this study were (a) to assess mental health symptoms experienced by expatriate hospital staff and (b) to determine the impact of staff wellbeing interventions specific to pandemic related stress.

METHODS
The study site was a 300 bed women and children's hospital and research center, which employs 4500 staff from over 90 countries worldwide. A taskforce to study the impact of the pandemic and develop staff wellbeing interventions was created by the Departments of Occupational Health and Psychiatry. Stakeholder buy in was obtained via collaboration with the hospital Covid-19 Outbreak Prevention and Control Taskforce (OPCT). Staff Mental Health was added as a priority to the OPCT agenda. A literature review of the psychological impact on health care workers during past pandemics was conducted to determine common mental health symptoms experienced by healthcare staff. This information was used to develop a survey that included questions specific to pandemic related stressors e.g. loss of family members due to COVID-19. In addition, the survey asked about staff interest in wellbeing interventions. Thus the survey served a dual goal of assessing psychological distress level and a needs assessment prior to implementing mental health interventions for health care staff. The survey was reviewed by content experts. It was also piloted within the content expert group for accuracy of content and ease of use.
The survey was sent out in June 2020. This survey included questions regarding participant's age, gender, profession, nationality, marital status and perceived health status. Additionally, participants were asked about personal or family exposure to COVID-19 and death of a family member or close friend due to COVID-19. The survey asked participants to answer yes if they experienced the following mental health symptoms: anxiety, irritability/anger, insomnia, low mood, poor concentration, indecisiveness/difficulty making decisions, loss of motivation, avoidance of people or situations, feelings of isolation or none. The survey also asked the participants to rate their fear of contracting the virus and fear of infecting others on a continuous variable scale from 0-100. (See supplementary material for full survey). Finally, the survey asked about staff interest in attending mental health webinars, virtual support groups and individual counseling for psychological symptoms.

Survey administration:
The survey was administered online on Survey Monkey in May 2020, two months following the initial shut down. It was further advertised via email to managers, Division Chiefs and Department Chairs. Additionally, banners were uploaded to the hospital web-portal. It was available for completion for a period of two weeks. The results were collected anonymously.
Following the survey, a tiered approach using online tools to deliver mental health support within the hospital was developed. The tiers included nonpersonalized curated web-content, mental health webinars offered biweekly for 8 weeks (June-July 2020), smaller virtual peer support groups and individual counseling (Fig.1). The webinars and virtual peer support groups were advertised on the hospital web-portal. Data Analysis: A composite variable was created to analyze mental health symptoms, which aggregated the nine self-reported mental health symptoms listed in Table-II. If a respondent answered yes, that they experienced a symptom, then that symptom was scored as 1 and if they answered no then it was scored as 0, for a total possible range of scores for mental health symptoms of 0-9. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test if age, gender, marital status, profession and self-reported health status predicted number of mental health symptoms. mental health symptoms (β=-.14, p<.001) than their married colleagues. Additionally, health status predicted mental health symptoms in the expected direction with staff who reported worse health status reporting more mental health symptoms Psychological Distress in Health Care Staff during COVID-19 Pandemic  Multiple regression analyses were also conducted to test if age, gender, marital status, profession and self-reported health status predicted whether a respondent reported they had a fear of infecting others or fear of becoming infected. Fear of getting infected at work and infecting others: The mean fear rating for getting infected at work was 62.3 (SD 29.3, min=0, max=100) and fear of infecting others was 61.9 (SD 32.4; min=0, max=100). Gender (β=.12, p<0.001), age (β=-0.18, p<0.001) and marital status (β=-0.10, p<0.01) and health status ((β=0.16, p<0.001) predicted fear of being infected at work. Participants who were female, of younger age, married and who reported poorer health were more likely to have a greater fear of being infected at work.
Level of interest in wellbeing interventions and mean attendance: (scale 0-100) The mean level of interest expressed by staff for general webinars was 52.7 (SD=33.0), virtual support groups was 47.8 (SD=32.6) and individual counseling was 51.1 (SD=34.3) in the initial survey. The mean number of participants that attended webinars was 77.6 (SD=30.2, min=31, max=122) and 0 for both virtual support groups and individual counseling.
The two most common reasons reported for non-attendance were 'No protected time' and 'Felt I did not need it' (Fig.2).

DISCUSSION
Hospital staff reported high levels of anxiety, low mood and feelings of isolation. Staff also reported significant fear of infecting themselves at work and infecting others. These findings are consistent with previous findings related to healthcare staff during other viral pandemics e.g., SARS-COV-1, 4,8,11 H1N1, 6,12 MERS-cov 5,13,15 and Ebola 16 and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in other countries. 17,18 Female gender was associated with higher fear ratings but there was no  difference in reports of mental health symptoms based on gender unlike findings in other studies where female gender was at higher risk. 18 Social isolation is a well-known risk factor for poor psychological and physical health. 19,20 In this study, feeling of isolation was the third most commonly experienced symptom and single staff reported higher rates of mental health symptoms compared to married staff, supporting the view that social support is a protective factor for mental health. 21 Given that more than 85% of the hospital staff was comprised of expatriates with family members in various countries around the world and travel restrictions meant that staff no longer had access to extended families in case of personal or family sickness, being single likely posed a bigger challenge than elsewhere in the world.
Hospital staff reported significant fear of infecting themselves or their loved ones which is a significant contributor to psychological distress compared to the general population, as shown in several studies. 9,18,22 Married staff reported higher fear of getting infected at work. Therefore, although being married was protective against mental health symptoms, it was associated with higher fears and concerns related to the health of loved ones. Other studies 23 have reported distress secondary to health care staff concerns endangering their families if they were to become infected at work. Staff in non-clinical roles were more likely to report fear of infecting others. Greater knowledge of and experience with infection control and prevention methods may have served as a protective factor against fear of infection for clinical staff. 24 Despite high levels of mental health symptoms and fear reported by hospital staff, and similar to results in China, 25 staff did not access the personalized peer support groups or individual counseling. In comparison, the webinars which were recorded and available online had consistently high attendance every week. Staff cited time constraints and lack of perceived need as the reasons for lack of attendance in virtual support groups or individual counseling. The webinars did not mandate consistent attendance and were recorded and available at the staff member's convenience thus overcoming the issue of time constraints during work hours. The non-personalized, educational webinars were probably also more acceptable compared to the smaller, per support groups due to lower associated stigma. Additionally, the webinars offered a means for social connectedness within the hospital community thus reducing the sense of isolation.

Limitations of the study:
Limitations include a low response rate with the majority of respondents being nurses. Therefore, it may not adequately capture the mental health impact on non-nursing health care staff.
Further, response bias may exist, possibly missing staff who were too distressed to respond or not distressed and therefore not interested in responding. The survey does not differentiate pre-existing psychological difficulties from new pandemic related psychological distress. Finally, the study does not report on longitudinal progression of mental health impact as the pandemic progressed and after mental health interventions were implemented. It must be emphasized that this study was conducted in a non-COVID hospital which may have impacted level of psychological distress findings.

CONCLUSION
This study provides information on psychological symptoms experienced by health care staff during the viral pandemic in a socially restricted environment. As expected, respondents reported moderate levels of mental health symptoms. Single status was associated with higher psychological distress, likely related to social isolation caused by travel and social distancing restrictions and not having a spouse or partner during this isolation.
Dissemination of mental health support in the form of webinars offering viewing flexibility was well received by staff while more personalized and time consuming approaches like peer support groups and individualized counseling were not utilized at all. Lack of time was the most commonly cited as reason. This is an important finding for planning future wellbeing initiatives for busy health care staff as the COVID-19 Pandemic progresses.